資訊組織第一堂
˙Ifla
The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
簡稱:國際圖聯
全名:國際圖書館協會聯盟
˙STATEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUING PRINCIPLES
The Statement of Principles – commonly known as the “Paris Principles”巴黎原則– was approved by the International Conference on Cataloguing Principles in 1961.1 Its goal of serving as a basis for international standardization in cataloguing has certainly been achieved: most of the cataloguing codes that were developed worldwide since that time followed the Principles strictly, or at least to a high degree.
Over forty years later, having a common set of international cataloguing principles has become even more desirable as cataloguers and their clients use OPACs (Online Public Access Catalogues) 卡片、紙本目錄、電腦around the world. Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, an effort has been made by IFLA to produce a new statement of principles that are applicable to online library catalogues and beyond. The first principle is to serve the convenience of catalogue users.
This statement replaces and broadens the scope of the Paris Principles from just textual 文字works to all types of materials and from just the choice and form of entry to all aspects of bibliographic and authority data used in library catalogues. It includes not only principles and objectives (i.e., functions of the catalogue), but also guiding rules that should be included in cataloguing codes internationally, as well as guidance on search and retrieval capabilities.
1. Scope
The principles stated here are intended to guide the development of cataloguing codes. They apply to bibliographic and authority data and current library catalogues. The principles also can be applied to bibliographies and other data files created by libraries, archives, museums, and other communities. They aim to provide a consistent approach to descriptive and subject cataloguing of bibliographic resources of all kinds.
2. General Principles Several principles direct the construction of cataloguing codes.The highest is the convenience of the user.
2.1. Convenience of the user. 使用者的便利性Decisions taken in the making of descriptions and controlled forms of names for access should be made with the user in mind.
2.2. Common usage. 通用性Vocabulary used in descriptions and access should be in accord with that of the majority of users.
2.3. Representation.表達性 Descriptions and controlled forms of names should be based on the way an entity describes itself.
2.4. Accuracy.正確 The entity described should be faithfully portrayed.
2.5. Sufficiency and necessity.足夠跟必要 Only those data elements in descriptions and controlled forms of names for access that are required to fulfil user tasks and are essential to uniquely identify an entity should be included.
2.6. Significance.書目的意義 Data elements should be bibliographically significant. 2.7. Economy. When alternative ways exist to achieve a goal, preference should be given to the way that best furthers overall economy (i.e., the least cost or the simplest approach).
2.8. Consistency and standardization. 一致性與標準化Descriptions and construction of access points should be standardized as far as possible. This enables greater consistency, which in turn increases the ability to share bibliographic and authority data.
2.9. Integration.整合 The descriptions for all types of materials and controlled forms of names of all types of entities should be based on a common set of rules, insofar as it is relevant. The rules in a catal
3. Entities, Attributes, and Relationships A cataloguing code should take into account the entities, attributes, and relationships as defined in conceptual models of the bibliographic universe.
3.1. Entities The following entities may be represented by bibliographic and authority data: Work Expression Manifestation Item Person Family Corporate Body Concept Object Event Place.
3.2. Attributes The attributes that identify each entity should be used as data elements.
3.3. Relationships Bibliographically significant relationships among the entities should be identified.
4. Objectives and Functions of the Catalogue
The catalogue should be an effective and efficient instrument that enables a user: 4.1. to find bibliographic resources in a collection as the result of a search using attributes or relationships of the resources:
4.1.1. to find a single resource找到一本件
4.1.2. to find sets of resources representing all resources belonging to(1) the same work all resources(2) embodying the same expression不同版本 all resources exemplifying(3) the same manifestation相關人事物 all resources associated with a given person, family, or corporate body all resources on a given subject (4)all resources 通常出現在進階搜尋defined by other criteria (language, place of publication, publication date, content type, carrier type, etc.), usually as a secondary limiting of a search result; 找到很多套
4.2. to identify a bibliographic resource or agent (that is, to confirm that the described entity corresponds to the entity sought or to distinguish between two or more entities with similar characteristics);
目錄與實際上的館藏
4.3. to select a bibliographic resource that is appropriate to the user’s needs (that is, to choose a resource that meets the user’s requirements with respect to medium, content, carrier, etc., or to reject a resource as being inappropriate to the user’s needs);
4.4. to acquire or obtain access to an item described (that is, to provide information that will enable the user to acquire an item through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an item electronically through an online connection to a remote source); or to access, acquire, or obtain authority data or bibliographic data;哪裡找到這本書
4.5. to navigate within a catalogue and beyond (that is, through the logical arrangement of bibliographic and authority data and presentation of clear ways to move about, including presentation of relationships among works, expressions, manifestations, items, persons, families, corporate bodies, concepts, objects, events, and places).
5. Bibliographic Description
5.1. In general, a separate bibliographic description should be created for each manifestation.
5.2. A bibliographic description typically should be based on the item as representative of the manifestation and may include attributes that pertain to the embodied work(s) and expression(s). 多副本選擇適合的編目
5.3. Descriptive data should be based on an internationally agreed standard.適應其他的環境
5.4. Descriptions may be at several levels of completeness, 編目順應的環境，編目的詳細度不同depending on the purpose of the catalogue or bibliographic file. Information about the level of completeness should be conveyed to the user.
留言列表
